Your E Book Is Reading You

The WSJ has an article on the data mining possibilities created by ebooks - Your E-Book Is Reading You.

In the past, publishers and authors had no way of knowing what happens when a reader sits down with a book. Does the reader quit after three pages, or finish it in a single sitting? Do most readers skip over the introduction, or read it closely, underlining passages and scrawling notes in the margins? Now, e-books are providing a glimpse into the story behind the sales figures, revealing not only how many people buy particular books, but how intensely they read them.

For centuries, reading has largely been a solitary and private act, an intimate exchange between the reader and the words on the page. But the rise of digital books has prompted a profound shift in the way we read, transforming the activity into something measurable and quasi-public.

The major new players in e-book publishing—Amazon, Apple and Google—can easily track how far readers are getting in books, how long they spend reading them and which search terms they use to find books. Book apps for tablets like the iPad, Kindle Fire and Nook record how many times readers open the app and how much time they spend reading. Retailers and some publishers are beginning to sift through the data, gaining unprecedented insight into how people engage with books.

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An oil crash is on its way and we should be ready

New Scientist has a rather pessimistic article by Jeremy Leggett on peak oil and related topics - An oil crash is on its way and we should be ready.

FIVE years ago the world was in the grip of a financial crisis that is still reverberating around the globe. Much of the blame for that can be attributed to weaknesses in human psychology: we have a collective tendency to be blind to the kind of risks that can crash economies and imperil civilisations.

Today, our risk blindness is threatening an even bigger crisis. In my book The Energy of Nations, I argue that the energy industrys leaders are guilty of a risk blindness that, unless action is taken, will lead to a global crash – and not just because of the climate change they fuel.

Let me begin by explaining where I come from. I used to be a creature of the oil and gas industry. As a geologist on the faculty at Imperial College London, I was funded by BP, Shell and others, and worked on oil and gas in shale deposits, among other things. But I became worried about societys overdependency on fossil fuels, and acted on my concerns.

In 1989, I quit Imperial College to become a climate campaigner. A decade later I set up a solar energy business. In 2000 I co-founded a private equity fund investing in renewables.

In these capacities, I have watched captains of the energy and financial industries at work – frequently close to, often behind closed doors – as the financial crisis has played out and the oil price continued its inexorable rise. I have concluded that too many people across the top levels of business and government have found ways to close their eyes and ears to systemic risk-taking. Denial, I believe, has become institutionalised.

As a result of their complacency we face four great risks. The first and biggest is no surprise: climate change. We have way more unburned conventional fossil fuel than is needed to wreck the climate. Yet much of the energy industry is discovering and developing unconventional deposits – shale gas and tar sands, for example – to pile onto the fire, while simultaneously abandoning solar power just as it begins to look promising. It has been vaguely terrifying to watch how CEOs of the big energy companies square that circle.

Second, we risk creating a carbon bubble in the capital markets. If policymakers are to achieve their goal of limiting global warming to 2 °C, 60 to 80 per cent of proved reserves of fossil fuels will have to remain in the ground unburned. If so, the value of oil and gas companies would crash and a lot of people would lose a lot of money. ...

Third, we risk being surprised by the boom in shale gas production. That, too, may prove to be a bubble, maybe even a Ponzi scheme. Production from individual shale wells declines rapidly, and large amounts of capital have to be borrowed to drill replacements. This will surprise many people who make judgement calls based on the received wisdom that limits to shale drilling are few. But I am not alone in these concerns.

Even if the US shale gas drilling isnt a bubble, it remains unprofitable overall and environmental downsides are emerging seemingly by the week. According to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, whole towns in Texas are now running out of water, having sold their aquifers for fracking. I doubt that this is a boom that is going to appeal to the rest of the world; many others agree.

Fourth, we court disaster with assumptions about oil depletion. Most of us believe the industry mantra that there will be adequate flows of just-about-affordable oil for decades to come. I am in a minority who dont. Crude oil production peaked in 2005, and oil fields are depleting at more than 6 per cent per year, according to the International Energy Agency. The much-hyped 2 million barrels a day of new US production capacity from shale needs to be put in context: we live in a world that consumes 90 million barrels a day.

It is because of the sheer prevalence of risk blindness, overlain with the pervasiveness of oil dependency in modern economies, that I conclude system collapse is probably inevitable within a few years.

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Googles Floating Data Center Is Just A Party Barge

It look like the rumours about Google building floating data centres are false unfortunately - RW reports they are being built for marketing events - Googles Floating Data Center May Just Be A Party Barge (since confirmed by Google).

According to the San Francisco CBS affiliate KPIX, Google will actually use the barge as a party space and an upscale showroom for the companys Google X projects. Google has yet to comment on the mysterious barge, but KPIX cites "multiple sources" familiar with the matter.

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Bruce Schneier NSA Spying Is Making Us Less Safe

Technology review has an interview with security guru Bruce Schneier - Bruce Schneier: NSA Spying Is Making Us Less Safe.

The NSA mission is national security. How is the snooping really affecting the average person?

The NSA’s actions are making us all less safe. They’re not just spying on the bad guys, they’re deliberately weakening Internet security for everyone—including the good guys. It’s sheer folly to believe that only the NSA can exploit the vulnerabilities they create. Additionally, by eavesdropping on all Americans, they’re building the technical infrastructure for a police state.

We’re not there yet, but already we’ve learned that both the DEA and the IRS use NSA surveillance data in prosecutions and then lie about it in court. Power without accountability or oversight is dangerous to society at a very fundamental level. ...

So you’ve recently suggested five tips for how people can make it much harder, if not impossible, to get snooped on. These include using various encryption technologies and location-obscuring methods. Is that the solution?

My five tips suck. They are not things the average person can use. One of them is to use PGP [a data-encryption program]. But my mother can’t use PGP. Maybe some people who read your publication will use my tips, but most people won’t.

Basically, the average user is screwed. You can’t say “Don’t use Google”—that’s a useless piece of advice. Or “Don’t use Facebook,” because then you don’t talk to your friends, you don’t get invited to parties, you don’t get laid. It’s like libertarians saying “Don’t use credit cards”; it just doesn’t work in the real world.

The Internet has become essential to our lives, and it has been subverted into a gigantic surveillance platform. The solutions have to be political. The best advice for the average person is to agitate for political change.

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Is buying electric car worth the money

The best way to decide whether buying electric car is worth the money is to take a closer look at drawbacks and benefits of electric cars in comparison to traditional gasoline powered cars.

Electric cars benefits:

Electric cars are 100 percent emission-free. This means that there they do not emit greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change and air pollution like traditional cars do.

Excellent energy efficiency. If we compare the efficiency of electric and traditional cars we can see that the overall efficiency of an electric car is 48 percent, which is almost twice as much as compared to traditional gasoline cars that achieve efficiency of around 25%.

No noise pollution. Electric cars are extremely silent, which of course isn’t the case with traditional gasoline powered cars.

Traditional cars can catch fire or blow up if you crash into something due to the presence of gasoline while this isnt the case with electric cars. In this sense, electric cars are safer than traditional gasoline powered cars.

Compact electric vehicle

Electric cars are more compact than traditional cars.

Electric cars have lot more affordable cost of recharge as compared to traditional cars (their recharge costs is 2 cents per mile compared with 12 cents a mile on gasoline).

Longer motor lifetime. The electric cars motor is estimated to last for 90 years, if you drive it fifty miles a day.

Lower maintenance as compared to traditional gasoline cars because electric car has five moving parts in its motor, compared to a gasoline car that has hundreds of parts in its internal combustion engine.

Electric cars drawbacks:

Very expensive batteries. The high price of batteries is the main reason why electric cars are still connected with relatively high costs.

The lack of noise coming from electric cars could sometimes be regarded as drawback because the lack of usual noise of an approaching vehicle poses a danger to blind, elderly and young children.

Relatively limited range and longer recharge times as compared to the relatively fast process of refueling a tank of a gasoline powered car.

Limited amount of charging stations across the country.

Problems with heating in colder climates. In colder climates cars require plenty of energy to heat the interior and defrost the windows. With gasoline gars the combustion process already answers this issue by transferring the waste heat from the engine. This however isnt the case with electric cars, where heating requires extra energy from the electric cars battery.

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Philosophia Naturalis 7 is coming up

It will be up Thursday, March 1, to be more precise, at Geek Counterpoint. But you dont have a lot of time to get your suggestions in – they need to be in to the editor by Monday, February 26. You can send them to the editor as described here, or email them to carnival AT scienceandreason.net.

Do it now. Youll be glad you did.

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Peak cheap oil is an incontrovertible fact

Im always a little dubious about Ambrose Evans-Pritchard but this column (wondering about the hype over Maugeris mistaken analysis of peak oil) is worth a read - Peak cheap oil is an incontrovertible fact.

Brent crude jumped to $115 a barrel last week. Petrol costs in Germany and across much of Europe are now at record levels in local currencies. Diesel is above the political pain threshold of $4 a gallon in the US, hence reports circulating last week that the International Energy Agency (IEA) is preparing to release strategic reserves.

Barclays Capital expects a “monster” effect this quarter as the crude market tightens by 2.4m barrels a day (bpd), with little extra supply in sight. Goldman Sachs said the industry is chronically incapable of meeting global needs. “It is only a matter of time before inventories and OPEC spare capacity become effectively exhausted, requiring higher oil prices to restrain demand,” said its oil guru David Greely.

This is a remarkable state of affairs given the world economy is close to a double-dip slump right now, the latest relapse in our contained global depression. ...

So we face a world where Brent crude trades at over $100 even in recession. Fears of an Israeli strike on Iran may have spiked the price a bit, though Intrade’s contract for an attack is well below levels earlier this year. Iranian sanctions may have cut supply by more than the extra 900,000 bpd pumped by Saudi Arabia. Japan’s increased reliance on oil since switching off most of its nuclear reactors has played its part.

Yet the deeper force at work is the relentless fall in output from the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, endless disappointment in Russia because of Kremlin pricing policies, and the escalating cost of extraction from deep sea fields.

Nothing has really changed since the IEA warned four years ago that the world must invest $20 trillion in energy projects over the next 25 years to feed the industrial revolutions of Asia and head off an almighty crunch. The urgency has merely been disguised by the Long Slump.

We learned in the 2006-2008 blow-off that China is now the key driver of global oil prices, with consumption rising each year by 0.5m bpd -- now a total 9.2m bpd in a world market of 90m bpd. Demand is broadly flat in Europe and America.

So what will happen when China latest spending blitz gains traction? The regions have unveiled a colossal new spree on airports, roads, aeronautics, and industrial parks: a purported $240bn each for Tianjin and Chongqing, $160bn for Guangdong, $130bn for Changsha, and so forth. Sleepy Guizhou has trumped them all with $470bn. Your mind goes numb.

What will happen too when car sales in China surpass 20m next year, as expected by the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers? ...

World opinion has swung a little too cavalierly from the Peak Oil panic four years ago to a new consensus that America’s shale revolution -- and what it promises for China, Argentina, and Europe -- has largely solved the problem.

Much has been made of “Oil: The Next Revolution” by Harvard’s Leonardo Maugeri, who forecasts an era of bountiful supply and cheap oil as global output capacity rises by almost 18m bpd to 110m bpd by 2020.

Sadad al-Huseini, former vice-president of Saudi Aramco, has a written a testy rebuttal, arguing that Dr Maugeri assumes a global decline rate of 2pc a year from oil fields compared to the IEA’s estimate of 6.7pc. There alone lies the gap between crunch and glut. ...

The shale revolution has profound implications for America’s role in the world and the global balance of power, but let us not get carried away. Oil experts noticed how many crews in the Bakken field were told to stand down when crude prices dipped earlier this summer. “Supposedly cheap shale turned out to be rather expensive shale in that, as soon as Brent fell to $90 per barrel, a large proportion of US shale oil in key regions seemed to lose all its rent,” said Paul Horsnell from Barclays Capital.

Prichards column points to this article by Sadad al-Huseini - Dont Count on Revolution in Oil Supply.

Leonardo Maugeris recent paper Oil: The Next Revolution on the presumed future abundance of oil supplies rejects the pessimistic outlook of limited increases in oil capacity over the next decade. It suggests global oil capacity will exceed 110 million barrels per day by the end of the decade, putting an immediate end to concerns regarding constrained long-term oil supplies. This conclusion is based on an assessment of new projects with a reported capacity of 49 million b/d before a downward adjustment to 29 million b/d to allow for completion risks and reserves depletion. Maugeri holds two PhDs, one in Political Science and one in Economics, and has extensive executive experience with ENI in strategies and developments and in petrochemicals.

In putting forth this optimistic thesis, Maugeri apparently sets aside a variety of technical realities, including the difference between natural gas liquids (NGLs) and conventional oil, reserves depletion versus capacity declines, and proven reserves as opposed to speculative resources.

The report mixes NGLs, which feed petrochemicals and domestic or industrial fuel applications, with conventional oil, which is the main source for transportation fuels. When fractionated, NGLs yield propane, butane and light naphtha. These products cannot replace oil distillates such as gasoline, diesel or jet fuel.

For example, NGLs grew from 7 million b/d in 2003 to an estimated 12 million b/d in 2011 but provided no relief to the demand for transportation fuels, which was surging across those years. The growth in NGLs is now forecast by the IEA to reach an ambitious 20 million b/d by 2030. Impressive as this may be, NGLs will remain at best marginally relevant to transportation applications until widespread changes occur in the technology and infrastructure of the auto and trucking industries. Given cost and complexities, there is no evidence that this is likely to happen within this decade.

In regard to capacity declines, the report appears to confuse oil reserves depletion with capacity declines. In the world of petroleum engineering, depletion quantifies residual reserves in the ground, while declines define a reservoirs ability to sustain a given level of production over time. Incremental reserves in modern discoveries are added early in a discoverys life while production declines are a subsequent development related to reservoir factors including changing fluid compositions and diminishing reservoir energy. Maugeris suggestion that incremental reserves may offset capacity declines mixes up speculative exploration variables with reservoir engineering realities.

The report takes exception to the IEAs 2008 estimate of an average 6.7% global oil capacity decline and offers an equivalent estimate of less than 2% per year. This low estimate is apparently based on the observation of historical production rates from major oil producing countries. It is not clear how the author extracted the convoluted effects of offsetting market volatility, spare capacity utilization, natural production declines, and ongoing new capacity investments from such historical trends.

The IEA’s 2008 study, on the other hand, applies well-established petroleum engineering principles to 800 post-peak fields that make up the majority of global oil supplies. The natural decline rates of these fields were reported to average 3.4% for 54 supergiant fields, 6.5% for scores of giant fields and the 10.4% decline rate for hundreds of large fields. At the IEAs 6.7% level of capacity declines, the current 74 million b/d of conventional oil supplies (which exclude NGLs, biofuels, nonconventionals and various other liquids) would require 5 million b/d of supplemental new capacity annually just to maintain a flat level of supply. Based on these assessments, Maugeri’s 29 million b/d of "risked" new capacity would only replace declines through 2017. Even the full 49 million b/d of new projects would only extend current liquids production on a flat trajectory to 2021.

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What Is Green Building Technology

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What Is Green Energy Technology

what is green energy technology 5 of the top and viable options in the country include solar power wind power hydroelectric power wave and tidal power and biomass and biofuel

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Alternative energy definition What is alternative energy

Is alternative energy the same as renewable energy? In order to define alternative energy we first need to define alternative energy sources. Alternative energy source is any source of energy that does not belong to traditional energy sources. Traditional energy sources are fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). Some dictionaries, like for instance, Oxford dictionary puts alternative energy sources in correlation to environment by stating that term „alternative energy sources“ refers to energy sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment.

There have been many opposite opinions about what this term should and shouldnt include, and even today defining alternative energy sources will often be looked at from several different perspectives. For instance nuclear energy is thought by some to be alternative source of energy while other say that only renewable energy sources are in fact alternative energy sources. The same situation is with hydropower because some think that hydropower is a traditional source of energy together with fossil fuels while others do not look at hydropower as traditional source of energy.

To stay out of these controversies as much as possible let us focus here on the most common alternative energy sources: solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. Other alternative energy sources include the likes of biofuels, tidal and wave power, and hydrogen.

Solar energy is coming from the Sun and this is the most abundant source of energy available on our planet. Solar power technologies have recently experienced huge decline in prices but nonetheless solar industry still heavily depends on subsidies and other tax incentives. Solar energy industry also needs to find the adequate energy storage solution in order to solve the intermittency issue (since the sun doesnt shine all day long). Given the enormous potential of solar energy as well as large funds and numerous researches it is pretty realistic to say that one day solar energy will become the dominant energy source in the world (once it reaches cost parity with fossil fuels).

Wind energy is better in cost-competitiveness when compared to solar energy but still suffers from intermittency issue just like this is the case with solar. Many countries have started massive wind energy expansion (most notably China). In years to come it is expected that the global wind energy industry will focus offshore, in areas with more powerful and more frequent ocean winds.

Geothermal energy refers to the heat stored within the earths core. Geothermal energy is unlike solar and wind available 24-7 but has high drilling and exploration costs, which means that with current technological development harnessing geothermal energy is only viable in areas near tectonic plates. This is also the reason why there are only 24 countries in the world currently harnessing geothermal energy.

These three alternative energy sources have one big advantage over traditional fossil fuels, and that is their environmentally friendly character. Fossil fuel burning still remains the main contributor to climate change and air pollution which means that world needs to replace fossil fuels with alternative energy sources as soon as possible in order to avoid environmental disaster of gigantic proportions.

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Why Is China Building These Gigantic Structures In the Middle of the Desert

Gizmodo has an article which got a bit of attention this week showing various aerial photos of the Chinese desert with massive unexplained structures. Some of them are attributed to nuclear test ranges and HAARP style military programs - but the image below looks a lot like a solar thermal power tower to me - Why Is China Building These Gigantic Structures In the Middle of the Desert.

This is crazy. New photos have appeared in Google Maps showing unidentified titanic structures in the middle of the Chinese desert. The first one is an intricate network of what appears to be huge metallic stripes. Is this a military experiment?

They seem to be wide lines drawn with some white material. Or maybe the dust have been dug by machinery.

Its located in Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Gansu, north of the Shule River, which crosses the Tibetan Plateau to the west into the Kumtag Desert. It covers an area approximately one mile long by more than 3,000 feet wide.

The tracks are perfectly executed, and they seem to be designed to be seen from orbit.

Perhaps its some kind of targeting or calibrating grid for Chinese spy satellites? Maybe its a QR code for aliens? Nobody really knows.

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